Surgery (ancient Greek χειρουργική, from ancient Greek Χείρ - hand and ἔργον - action, work) is a field of medicine that studies acute and chronic diseases that are treated using an operative (surgical) method. Surgical treatment consists of several successive stages: preparation of the patient for surgery, pain relief (anesthesia) and the surgery itself. Surgical operation includes: surgical access (incision of the skin or mucous membrane), surgical treatment of the organ, restoration of the integrity of tissues damaged during the operation.
Modern surgery is increasingly becoming reconstructive surgery (that is, aimed at restoring or replacing the affected organ: a vessel prosthesis, an artificial heart valve, reinforcement with a synthetic mesh of the hernial orifice, etc.) and minimally invasive (that is, aimed at minimizing the area of intervention in the body - mini-accesses, laparoscopic technique, X-ray endovascular surgery).